Mass in Spacetime

The True Nature of Mass

The origin of mass has long remained a mystery to physicists. While the Higgs boson provides part of the answer, it does not fully resolve the enigma, as the theory does not explain the origin of the Higgs field itself. Could the Higgs field represent an additional fifth dimension (x, y, z, t, H)? If so, this interpretation would be incompatible with general relativity, which has been experimentally confirmed thousands of times and operates flawlessly within four dimensions.

In this chapter, we will explore how the curvature of spacetime alone can give rise to mass — without invoking a fifth dimension.

In the Spacetime Model, mass emerges naturally from 4D geometry, eliminating the need for the Higgs field as a separate dimensional construct.

Explanation of Mass

The sequence leading to the emergence of mass is as follows:

A closed volume (referred to as a mass volume) induces curvature in spacetime.
A pressure develops on the surface of this volume.
This pressure restricts the free movement of the closed volume.
This resistance is interpreted as an increase in mass.
This phenomenon is referred to as the mass effect.

Example of the Ball

The example of the ball in a glass of water, introduced in the previous chapter, offers a compelling analogy for understanding the phenomenon of mass creation.

Ball in a vacuum: In a vacuum, the ball moves freely because it encounters no opposing force.
Ball in water: When the ball is immersed in water, it experiences resistance that hinders its free movement. This resistance arises from the pressure exerted by the water on the surface of the ball. This opposing force is analogous to mass.

From a distant perspective, the ball appears to have gained mass, as it requires more energy to move. However, this is an illusion — its intrinsic mass remains unchanged. The apparent increase is due to the pressure of the surrounding medium (water) acting on its surface.

The same principle applies in physics: it is the pressure of spacetime on closed volumes that restricts their freedom of movement. This resistance gives the impression that mass has been created

Example Eraser-Pen

Here is an example. Let’s compare two objects, an eraser, and a pen twice as heavy as the eraser. The pen has twice as many nuclei as the gum.

Overview: Mass Emergence
Through Spacetime Curvature

Mass is generated through a three-phase process:

A closed or hermetically sealed volume induces curvature in spacetime. Spacetime cannot penetrate these volumes—it bends around them.
As a result of spacetime’s elastic properties, pressure develops on the surface of these closed volumes.
This pressure restricts the free movement of the volumes. From an external perspective, this resistance is equivalent to an increase in mass.

The following page explains how gravitation works. As you will see, mass and gravitation are essentially the same phenomenon — both arise from the curvature of spacetime around closed volumes.