Spacetime Cells (sCells)

Existence of sCells

The existence of sCells appears necessary for several reasons:

1. Simplification of the Universe's Origin. The Spacetime Model suggests that the creation of the universe may have required only one or two fundamental particles—not the 24 particles and antiparticles described by the Standard Model. This proliferation of entities seems excessive and undermines credibility. This classification appears illogical and should be reconsidered.
2. Quantization and Rationality According to Max Planck (Nobel Prize, 1918), all components of the universe are quantized. While this does not necessarily imply that spacetime itself is quantized, the idea remains compelling and logically consistent. Like Einstein, Planck was deeply rational, and the concept of sCells aligns well with his philosophical approach to physics.
3. IMPORTANT: Charge Construction Problem. It is impossible to construct quarks using particles with integer charges such as -1 or +1 (e.g., electrons or positrons). sCells offer a solution to this problem by enabling fractional charge structures. It’s explained further on.
4. Resolution of Quantum Mysteries. sCells provide coherent explanations for numerous unresolved phenomena in quantum mechanics, including:
• What is spin,
• Atomic quantum levels (Schrödinger orbitals),
• The discrepancy between the proton’s mass and the combined mass of its three quarks,
• The location of antimatter in the universe,
• The anomaly of the E₀ energy level in atoms,
• The enigma of Young’s slits,
• The paradoxes surrounding photons and wave packets,
• A rational interpretation of Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle,
• The EPR paradox, among others...

These enigmas are addressed throughout this website thanks to the introduction of sCells, which thus serve as an "experimentum crucis". Moreover, the explanation of wave–particle duality in Part 2 further reinforces the role of sCells in resolving quantum mysteries.

5. Universal Quantization. Ultimately, upon deeper reflection, one realizes that the entire universe is quantized. All objects and living beings are composed of molecules, atoms, and particles — ultimately made up of what Max Planck and Einstein referred to as "quanta".

In this context, sCells represent a natural extension of our current understanding of quarks and elementary particles.

Note to Physicists: We emphasize that sCells have never been directly detected—and may never be. Their existence is inferred from the observable effects they produce, which are undeniably real. This approach echoes Pauli’s 1930 hypothesis of the neutrino, and Pasteur’s reasoning regarding microorganisms: both were initially invisible, yet their effects were compelling enough to justify their theoretical introduction. Constructive objections are welcome, especially if they offer a more coherent or elegant solution. Any such proposal may be considered for inclusion in a future edition of this website and of the associated book.

Properties of sCells

The properties of sCells may be described as follows:

• An sCell is simply an empty unit of spacetime.
• When multiple sCells are enclosed within a particle — such as a proton — they form closed or hermetic volumes. These volumes possess mass (see Part 1).
• The relative spacetime density of an sCell, interpreted as electric charge, is zero. In other words, an sCell is electrically neutral.
• sCells cannot be moved or directly detected.
• The charge of an sCell, or its "spacetime density," can be split into two symmetrical components: one with a charge of –1 (an electron), and the other with a charge of +1 (a positron).
• If the universe consisted solely of sCells, it would contain equal numbers of electrons and positrons (see Part 5, Universe).
• The charges of electron–positron pairs can be transmitted from one sCell to another (see Part 4, Electromagnetism).

Simulation of sCells Using Foam

In Part 1, we simulated the deflection of light near a closed volume with high accuracy, using a foam structure to represent spacetime. This approach echoes the 1919 experiment conducted by Arthur Eddington, which confirmed Einstein’s general relativity by demonstrating that starlight was deflected as it passed near the Sun during a total solar eclipse.

In the following foam-based experiment (see appendix A5 of the book), the calculations were performed in accordance with Schwarzschild’s methodology, but using closed volumes instead of masses. The correspondence is exact: the results match those obtained from the traditional Schwarzschild metric.

On the following page, we apply the same foam simulation, this time with sCells explicitly represented. This example illustrates that the universe may contain two distinct types of quantized spacetime: gravitational and electromagnetic (EM). This dual structure was already suggested by Von Laue in 1927 (see Part 1).

Basic Components of the Universe

It is possible that sCells were the originators of the fundamental components of the universe, as illustrated in the figure below.

Their existence is not only plausible; as we will see in the next chapter, it is also possible to construct any particle from them.

To grasp the concept of sCells, let us consider water as an illustrative example.

In everyday life, water appears as a continuum — a substance in continuous form, not as a collection of discrete “quanta.”

In reality, however, water is composed of H₂O molecules. Each molecule can be considered a quantum unit. What seems continuous is, in fact, a vast network of H₂O molecules bound together. And this granularity extends even further — to protons, neutrons, quarks, and beyond.

Example of a Hammer

A hammer is a mass subject to gravitation; its weight is determined by the gravitational force exerted by the Earth. However, it is also possible to magnetize the hammer. Electromagnetism does not affect the hammer’s mass. When dealing with electromagnetic propagation — such as electric current, heat, or radiation — we are operating within a different type of spacetime. Gravitational spacetime does not support such EM propagation.

In Part 4, we will explore how this electromagnetic spacetime, which governs the behavior of charged particles, can only function if it is composed of sCells.

Ultimately, quanta are present everywhere on Earth — in water, air, and all physical objects — as well as throughout the universe.

Understanding sCells

In reality, all elements of the universe form vast quantum networks. The universe is entirely composed of molecules, atoms, and particles — which are, fundamentally, quanta. What appears continuous to us is, in fact, a discrete structure.

Spacetime follows the same principle. As is well known, nature tends to reproduce its patterns when left undisturbed. Since quantization is a natural phenomenon on Earth, it is reasonable to assume that it applies universally.

The transmission of electromagnetic (EM) waves from one sCell to another occurs within EM spacetime. A similar phenomenon can be observed when a stone is thrown into water: although the waves appear continuous, they actually propagate from one H₂O molecule to the next. These molecules are invisible to the naked eye, yet they exist. The same applies to sCells.

Note: Although sCells may be viewed as an extension of the work of Max Planck and Einstein, they remain, for now, a theoretical proposition. However, as we will see later, this proposition is highly plausible